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1990-01-24
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FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS
PART 1 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS
As used in Subchapters A through K of this chapter unless
the context requires otherwise:
"Administrator" means the Federal Aviation Administrator or
any person to whom he has delegated his authority in the
matter concerned.
"Aerodynamic coefficients" means nondimensional coefficients
for aerodynamic forces and moments.
"Air carrier" means a person who undertakes directly by
lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air
transportation.
"Air commerce" means interstate, overseas, or foreign air
commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or any
operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any
Federal airway or any operation or navigation of aircraft
which directly affects, or which may endanger safety in,
interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce.
"Aircraft" means a device that is used or intended to be
used for flight in the air.
"Aircraft engine" means an engine that is used or intended
to be used for propelling aircraft. It includes
turbosuperchargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary
for its functioning, but does not include propellers.
"Airframe" means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings,
fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding
propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing
gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
"Airplane" means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft
heavier than air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic
reaction of the air against its wings.
"Airport" means an area of land or water that is used or
intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft,
and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.
"Airport traffic area" means, unless otherwise specifically
designated in Part 93, that airspace within a horizontal
radius of 5 statute miles from the geographical center of
any airport at which a control tower is operating, extending
from the surface up to, but not including, an altitude of
3,000 feet above the elevation of the airport.
"Airship" means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft
that can be steered.
"Air traffic" means aircraft operating in the air or on an
airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking
areas.
"Air traffic clearance" means an authorization by air
traffic control, for the purpose of preventing collision
between known aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under
specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace.
"Air traffic control" means a service operated by
appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and
expeditious flow of air traffic.
"Air transportation" means interstate, overseas, or foreign
air transportation or the transportation of mail by
aircraft.
"Alternate airport" means an airport at which an aircraft
may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes
inadvisable.
"Altitude engine" means a reciprocating aircraft engine
having a rated takeoff power that is producible from sea
level to an established higher altitude.
"Appliance" means any instrument, mechanism, equipment,
part, apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including
communications equipment, that is used or intended to be
used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is
installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part of
an airframe, engine, or propeller.
"Approved" unless used with reference to another person,
means approved by the Administrator.
"Area navigation (RNAV)" means a method of navigation that
permits aircraft operations on any desired course within the
coverage of station-referenced navigation signals or within
the limits of self-contained system capability.
"Area navigation high route" means an area navigation route
within the airspace extending upward from, and including
18,000 MSL to flight level 450.
"Area navigation low route" means an area navigation route
within the airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above
the surface of the earth to, but not including 18,000 feet
MSL.
"Armed Forces" means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine
Corps, and Coast Guard, including their regular and reserve
components and members serving without component status.
"Autorotation" means a rotorcraft flight condition in which
the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air
when the rotorcraft is in motion.
"Auxiliary rotor" means a rotor that serves either to
counteract the effect of the main rotor torque on a
rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more
of its three principal axes.
"Balloon" means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not
engine-driven.
"Brake horsepower" means the power delivered at the
propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft
engine.
"Calibrated airspeed" means indicated airspeed of an
aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error.
Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard
atmosphere at sea level.
"Category" -
(1) As used with respect to the certification,
ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen,
means a broad classification of aircraft.
Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider;
and lighter-than-air; and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of
aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft based upon
intended use or operating limitations. Examples
include: transport; normal; utility; acrobatic;
limited; restricted; and provisional.
"Category II operations," with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of
an airport under a Category II ILS instrument approach
procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate
authority.
"Category III operations," with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of
an airport under a Category III ILS instrument approach
procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate
authority.
"Category A," with respect to transport category rotorcraft,
means multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system
isolation features specified in Part 29 and utilizing
scheduled takeoff and landing operations under a critical
engine failure concept which assures adequate designated
surface area and adequate performance capability for
continued safe flight in the event of engine failure.
"Category B," with respect to transport category rotorcraft,
means single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not
fully meet all Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft
have no guaranteed stay-up capability in the event of engine
failure and unscheduled landing is assumed.
"Ceiling" means the height above the earth's surface of the
lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is
reported as "broken," "overcast," or "obscuration" and not
classified as "thin" or "partial."
"Civil aircraft" means aircraft other than public aircraft.
"Class" -
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings
and privileges of airmen, means a classification
of aircraft within a category having similar
operating characteristics. Examples include:
single engine; multiengine; land; water;
gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon;
and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of
aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft
having similar characteristics of propulsion,
flight or landing. Examples include: airplane;
rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane and
seaplane.
"Clearway" means:
(1) For turbine engine powered airplanes certified
after August 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway,
not less than 500 feet wide, centrally located
about the extended centerline of the runway, and
under the control of the airport authorities. The
clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway
plane, extending form the end of the runway with
an upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above
which no object nor any terrain protrudes.
However, threshold lights may protrude above the
plane if their height above the runway is 26
inches or less and if they are located to each
side of the runway.
(2) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated
after September 30, 1958, but before August 29,
1959, an area beyond the takeoff runway extending
no less than 300 feet on either side of the
extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation
no higher than the elevation of the end of the
runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and under
the control of the airport authorities.
"Climbout speed," with respect to rotorcraft means a
referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear of
the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout.
"Commercial operator" means a person who, for compensation
or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce
of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or
foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part 375 of
this Title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for
"compensation or hire," the test applied is whether the
carriage by air is merely incidental to the person's other
business or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.
"Controlled airspace" means airspace, designated as
continental control area, control area, control zone,
terminal control area, or transition area, within which some
or all aircraft may be subject to air traffic control.
"Crewmember" means a person assigned to perform duty in an
aircraft during flight time.
"Critical altitude" means the maximum altitude at which, in
standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a
specified rotational speed, a specified power or a specified
manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated, the critical
altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to
maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of
the following:
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of
engines for which this power rating is the same at
sea level and at the rated altitude.
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in
the case of engines, the maximum continuous power
of which is governed by a constant manifold
pressure.
"Critical engine" means the engine whose failure would most
adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an
aircraft.
"Decision height," with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means the height at which a decision must be made,
during an ILS or PAR instrument approach, to either continue
the approach or to execute a missed approach.
"Equivalent airspeed" means the calibrated airspeed of an
aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the
particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to
calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
"Extended over-water operation" means-
(1) With respect to aircraft other than helicopters,
an operation over water at a horizontal distance
of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline; and
(2) With respect to helicopters, and operation over
water at a horizontal distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more
than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport
structure.
"External load" means a load that is carried, or extends,
outside of the aircraft fuselage.
"External-load attaching means" means the structural
components used to attach an external load to an aircraft,
including external-load containers, the backup structure at
the attachment points, and any quick-release device used to
jettison the external load.
"Fireproof" -
(1) With respect to materials and parts used to
confine fire in a designated fire zone, means the
capacity to withstand at least as well as steel in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which
they are used, the heat produced when there is a
severe fire of extended duration in that zone; and
(2) With respect to other materials and parts, means
the capacity to withstand the heat associated with
fire at least as well as steel in dimensions
appropriate for the purpose for which they are
used.
"Fire resistant" -
(1) With respect to heat or structural members means
the capacity to withstand the heat associated with
fire at least as well as aluminum alloy in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which
they are being used; and
(2) With respect to fluid-carrying lines, fluid system
parts, wiring, air ducts, fittings, and powerplant
controls, means the capacity to perform the
intended functions under the heat and other
conditions likely to occur when there is fire at
the place concerned.
"Flame resistant" means not susceptible to combustion to the
point of propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the
ignition source is removed.
"Flammable" with respect to a fluid or gas, means
susceptible to igniting readily or to exploding.
"Flap extended speed" means the highest speed permissible
with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position.
"Flash resistant" means not susceptible to burning violently
when ignited.
"Flight crewmember" means a pilot, flight engineer, or
flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during
flight time.
"Flight level" means a level of constant atmospheric
pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of
mercury. Each is stated in three digits that represent
hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 represents
a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight
level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet.
"Flight plan" means specified information, relating to the
intended flight of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in
writing with air traffic control.
"Flight time" means the time from the moment the aircraft
first moves under its own power for the purpose of flight
until the moment it comes to rest at the next point of
landing. ("Block-to-block" time.)
"Flight visibility" means the average forward horizontal
distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at
which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified
by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and
identified by night.
"Foreign air carrier" means any person other than a citizen
of the United States who undertakes directly, by lease or
other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
"Foreign air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation
of the aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business
or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United
States and any place outside of the United States, whether
that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft
and partly by other forms of transportation.
"Glider" means a heavier-than-air aircraft, that is
supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not
depend principally on an engine.
"Ground visibility" means prevailing horizontal visibility
near the earth's surface as reported by the United States
National Weather Service or an accredited observer.
"Gyrodyne" means a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally
engine-driven for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for
forward flight through part of its speed range, and whose
means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional
propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
"Gyroplane" means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-
driven except for initial starting, but are made to rotate
by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and
whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of
conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
"Helicopter" means a rotorcraft that, for its horizontal
motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors.
"heliport" means an area of land, water, or structure used
or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of
helicopters.
"Idle thrust" means the jet thrust obtained with the engine
power control lever set at the stop for the least thrust
position at which it can be placed.
"IFR conditions" means weather conditions below the minimum
for flight under visual flight rules.
"IFR over-the-top," with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top on
an IFR flight plan when cleared by air traffic control to
maintain "VFR conditions" or "VFR conditions on top."
"Indicated airspeed" means the speed of an aircraft as shown
on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect
standard atmospheric adiabatic compressible flow at sea
level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.
"Instrument" means a device using an internal mechanism to
show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or
operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes
electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft
in flight.
"Interstate air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation
of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or
vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the
United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in
any other State of the United States, or the District of
Columbia; or between places in the same State of the United
States through the airspace over any place outside thereof;
or between places in the same territory or possession of the
United States, or the District of Columbia.
"Intrastate air transportation" means the carriage of
persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or
hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying
thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of the
United States.
"Interstate air transportation" means the carriage by
aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for
compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
in commerce,
(1) Between a place in a State of the District of
Columbia and another place in another State or the
District of Columbia;
(2) Between places in the same State through the
airspace of any place outside that State; or
(3) Between places in the same possession of the
United States; whether that commerce moves wholly
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by
other forms of transportation.
"Kite" means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal,
or other material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope
or cable, and having as its only support the force of the
wind moving past its surfaces.
"Landing gear extended speed" means the maximum speed at
which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear
extended.
"Landing gear operating speed" means the maximum speed at
which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted.
"Large aircraft" means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds,
maximum certificated takeoff weight.
"Lighter-than-air aircraft" means aircraft that can rise and
remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than
the air that is displaced by the gas.
"Load factor" means the ratio of a specified load to the
total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is
expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic
forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions.
"Mach number" means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed
of sound.
"Main rotor" means the rotor that supplies the principal
lift to a rotorcraft.
"Maintenance" means inspection, overhaul, repair,
preservation, and the replacement of parts, but excludes
preventative maintenance.
"Major alteration" means an alteration not listed in the
aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller specifications -
(1) That might appreciably affect weight, balance,
structural strength, performance, powerplant
operation, flight characteristics, or other
qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices
or cannot be done by elementary operations.
"Major repair" means a repair -
(1) That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect
weight, balance, structural strength, performance,
powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or
other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices
or cannot be done by elementary operations.
"Manifold pressure" means absolute pressure as measured at
the appropriate point in the induction system and usually
expressed in inches of mercury.
"Medical certificate" means acceptable evidence of physical
fitness on a form prescribed by the Administrator.
"Minimum descent altitude" means the lowest altitude,
expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is
authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land
maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach
procedure, where no electronic glide slope is provided.
"Minor alteration" means an alteration other than a major
alteration.
"Minor repair" means a repair other than a major repair.
"Navigable airspace" means airspace at and above the minimum
flight altitudes prescribed by our under this chapter,
including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing.
"Night" means the time between the end of evening civil
twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as
published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local
time.
"Nonprecision approach procedure" means a standard
instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide
slope is provided.
"Operate," with respect to aircraft, means use, cause to use
or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as
provided in section 91.10 of this chapter) or air navigation
including the piloting of aircraft, with or without the
right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise).
"Operational control," with respect to a flight, means the
exercise of authority over initiating, conducting, or
terminating a flight.
"Overseas air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property for hire, or the carriage of mail by
aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the
conduct of furtherance of a business or vocation, in
commerce between a place in any State of the United States,
or the District of Columbia, and any place in a territory or
possession of the United States; or between a place in a
territory or possession of the United States, and a place in
any other territory or possession of the United States.
"Overseas air transportation" means the carriage by aircraft
of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation
or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce-
(1) Between a place in a State or the District of
Columbia and a place in a possession of the United
States; or
(2) Between a place in a possession of the United
States an a place in another possession of the
United States;
whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by
aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
"Over-the-top" means above the layer of clouds or other
obscuring phenomena forming the ceiling.
"Parachute" means a device used or intended to be used to
retard the fall of a body or object through the air.
"Person" means an individual, firm, partnership,
corporation, company, association, joint-stock association,
or governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver,
assignee, or similar representative of any of them.
"Pilotage" means navigation by visual reference to
landmarks.
"Pilot in command" means the pilot responsible for the
operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time.
"Pitch setting" means the propeller blade setting as
determined by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at a
radius, specified by the instruction manual for the
propeller.
"Positive control" means control of all air traffic, within
designated airspace, by air traffic control.
"Precision approach procedure" means a standard instrument
approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is
provided, such as ILS and PAR.
"Preventive maintenance" means simple or minor preservation
operations and the replacement of small standard parts not
involving complex assembly operations.
"Prohibited area" means designated airspace within which the
flight of aircraft is prohibited.
"Propeller" means a device for propelling an aircraft that
has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated,
produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately
perpenicular to its plane of rotation. It includes control
components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does
not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils
of engines.
"Public aircraft" means aircraft used only in the service of
the government, or a political subdivision. It does not
include any government-owned aircraft engaged in carrying
persons or property for commercial purposes.
"Rated continuous OEI power," with respect to rotorcraft
turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower
developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and
temperatures within the operating limitations established
for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in
use to the time required to complete the flight after the
failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
"Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust," with respect to
turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet
thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in
standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, with fluid
injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate
combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations
established under Part 33, and approved for unrestricted
periods of use.
"Rated maximum continuous thrust," with respect to turbojet
engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust
that is developed statically or in flight, in standard
atmosphere at a specified altitude, without fluid injection
and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion
chamber, within the engine operating limitations established
under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted
periods of use.
"Rated takeoff augmented thrust," with respect to turbojet
engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust
that is developed statically under sea level conditions,
with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a
separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33, and limited in use to
periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
"Rated takeoff power," with respect to reciprocating,
turbopropeller, and turboshaft engine type certification,
means the approved brake horsepower that is developed
statically under standard sea level conditions, within the
engine operating limitations established under Part 33, and
limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff
operation.
"Rated 30-minute power," with respect to helicopter turbine
engines, means the maximum brake horsepower, developed under
static conditions at specified altitudes and atmospheric
temperatures, under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft
rotational speed and gas temperature, and limited in use to
periods of not over 30 minutes as shown on the engine data
sheet.
"Rated 2 1/2-minute power," with respect to helicopter
turbine engines, means the brake horsepower, developed
statically in standard atmosphere at sea level, or at a
specified altitude, for one-engine-out operation of multi-
engine helicopters for 2 1/2-minutes at rotor shaft rotation
speed and gas temperature established for this rating.
"Rating" means a statement that, as part of a certificate,
set forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
"Reporting point" means a geographical location in relation
to which the position of an aircraft is reported.
"Restricted area" means airspace designated under Part 73 of
this chapter within which the flight of aircraft, while not
wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction.
"RNAV waypoint (W/P)" means a predetermined geographical
position used for route or instrument approach definition or
progress reporting purposes that is defined relative to a
VORTAC station position.
"Rocket" means an aircraft propelled by ejected expanding
gases generated in the engine from self-contained
propellants and not dependent on the intake of outside
substances. It includes any part which becomes separated
during the operation.
"Rotorcraft" means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends
principally for its support in flight on the lift generated
by one or more rotors.
"Rotorcraft-load combination" means the combination of a
rotorcraft and an external load, including the external load
attaching means. Rotorcraft-load combinations are
designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as
follows:
(1) "Class A rotorcraft-load combination" means one in
which the external load cannot move freely, cannot
be jettisoned, and does not extend below the
landing gear.
(2) "Class B rotorcraft-load combination" means one in
which the external load is jettisonable and is
lifted free of land or water during the rotorcraft
operations.
(3) "Class C rotorcraft-load combination" means one in
which the external load is jettisonable and
remains in contact with land or water during the
rotorcraft operation.
(4) "Class D rotorcraft-load combination" means one in
which the external load is other than Class A, B,
or C and has been specifically approved by the
Administrator for that operation.
"Route segment" means a part of a route. Each end of that
part is identified by-
(1) a continental or insular geographical location; or
(2) a point at which a definite radio fix can be
established.
"Sea level engine" means a reciprocating aircraft engine
having a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea
level.
"Second in command" means a pilot who is designated to be
second in command of an aircraft during flight time.
"Show," unless the context otherwise requires, means to show
to the satisfaction of the Administrator.
"Small aircraft" means aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less,
maximum certificated takeoff weight.
"Standard atmosphere" means the atmosphere defined in the
U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude
tables).
"Stopway" means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less
wide that the runway and centered upon the extended
centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane
during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural damage
to the airplane, and designated by the airport authorities
for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted
takeoff.
"Takeoff power"-
(1) With respect to reciprocating engines, means the
brake horsepower that is developed under standard
sea level conditions, and under the maximum
conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and
engine manifold pressure approved for the normal
takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the
period of time shown in the approved engine
specification; and
(2) With respect to turbine engines, means the brake
horsepower that is developed under static
conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric
temperature, and under the maximum conditions of
rotorshaft rotational speed and gas temperature
approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in
continuous use to the period of time shown in the
approved engine specification.
"Takeoff safety speed" means a referenced airspeed obtained
after lift-off at which the required one-engine-inoperative
climb performance can be achieved.
"Takeoff thrust" with respect to turbine engines, means the
jet thrust that is developed under static conditions at a
specific altitude and atmospheric temperature under the
maximum conditions of rotorshaft rotational speed and gas
temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in
continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved
engine specification.
"Time in service," with respect to maintenance time records,
means the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the
surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point
of landing.
"True airspeed" means the airspeed of an aircraft relative
to undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to the
equivalent airspeed multiplied by (po/p)^1/2.
"Traffic pattern" means the traffic flow that is prescribed
for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from an
airport.
"Type"-
(1) As used with respect to the certification,
ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen,
means a specific make and basic model of aircraft,
including modifications thereto that do not change
its handling or flight characteristics. Examples
include: DC-7, 1049, and F-27; and
(2) As sued with respect to the certification of
aircraft, means those aircraft which are similar
in design. Examples include: DC-7 and DC-7C;
1049G and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F.
(3) As used with respect to the certification of
aircraft engines, means those engines which are
similar in design. For example, JT8D and JT8D-7
are engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and
JT9D-7 are engines of the same type.
"United States," in a geographical sense, means (1) the
States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the
possessions, including the territorial waters, and (2) the
airspace of those areas.
"United States air carrier" means a citizen of the United
States who undertakes directly by lease, or other
arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
"VFR over-the-top," with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top
under VFR when it is not being operated on an IFR flight
plan.
1.2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
In Subchapters A through K of this chapter:
AGL means above ground level.
ALS means approach lighting system.
ASR means airport surveillance radar.
ATC means air traffic control.
CAS means calibrated airspeed.
CAT II means Category II.
CONSOL or CONSOLAN means a kind of low or medium frequency
long range navigational aid.
DH means decision height.
DME means distance measuring equipment.
EAS means equivalent airspeed.
FAA means Federal Aviation Administration.
FM means fan marker.
GS means glide slope.
HIRL means high-intensity runway lights.
IAS means indicated airspeed.
ICAO means International Civil Aviation Organization.
IFR means instrument flight rules.
ILS means instrument landing system.
IM means ILS inner marker.
INT means intersection.
LDA means localizer-type directional aid.
LFR means low-frequency radio range.
LMM means compass locator at middle marker.
LOC means ILS localizer.
LOM means compass locator at outer marker.
M means Mach number.
MAA means maximum authorized IFR altitude.
MALS means medium intensity approach light system.
MALSR means medium intensity approach light system with
runway alignment indicator lights.
MCA means minimum crossing altitude.
MDA means minimum descent altitude.
MEA means minimum enroute IFR altitude.
MM means ILS middle marker.
MOCA means minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
MRA means minimum reception altitude.
MSL means mean sea level.
NDB(ADF) means nondirectional beacon (automatic direction
finder).
NOPT means no procedure turn required.
OEI means one engine inoperative.
OM means ILS outer marker.
PAR means precision approach radar.
RAIL means runway alignment indicator light system.
RBN means radio beacon.
RCLM means runway centerline marking.
RCLS means runway centerline light system.
REIL means runway end identification lights.
RR means low or medium frequency radio range station.
RVR means runway visual range as measured in the touchdown
zone area.
SALS means short approach light system.
SSALS means simplified short approach light system.
SSALSR means simplified short approach light system with
runway alignment indicator lights.
TACAN means ultra-high frequency tactical air navigational
aid.
TAS means true airspeed.
TCAS means a traffic alert and collision avoidance system.
TDZL means touchdown zone lights.
TVOR means very high frequency terminal omnigange station.
Va means design maneuvering speed.
Vb means design speed for maximum gust intensity.
Vc means design cruising speed.
Vd means design diving speed.
Vdf/Mdf means demonstrated flight diving speed.
Vf means design flap speed.
Vfc/Mfc means maximum speed for stability characteristics.
Vfe means maximum flap extended speed.
Vh means maximum speed in level flight with maximum
continuous power.
Vle means maximum landing gear extended speed.
Vlo means maximum landing gear operating speed.
Vlof means lift-off speed.
Vmc means minimum control speed with the critical
engine inoperative.
Vmo/Mmo means maximum operating limit speed.
Vmu means minimum unstick speed.
Vne means never exceed speed.
Vno means maximum structural cruising speed.
Vr means rotation speed.
Vs means the stalling speed or the minimum steady
flight speed at which the airplane is
controllable.
Vso means the stalling speed or the minimum steady
flight speed in the landing configuration.
Vs1 means the stalling speed or the minimum steady
flight speed obtained in a specified
configuration.
Vtoss means takeoff safety speed for Category A
rotorcraft.
Vx means speed for best angle of climb.
Vy means speed for best rate of climb.
V1 means takeoff decision speed (formerly denoted as
critical engine failure speed).
V2 means takeoff safety speed.
V2min means minimum takeoff safety speed.
VFR means visual flight rules.
VHF means very high frequency
VOR means very high frequency omnirange station.
VORTAC means collocated VOR and TACAN.
1.3 RULES OF CONSTRUCTION
(a) In Subchapter A through K of this chapter, unless the
context requires otherwise:
(1) Words importing the singular include the plural;
(2) Words importing the plural include the singular;
and
(3) Words importing the masculine gender include the
feminine.
(b) In Subchapters A through K of this chapter, the word:
(1) "Shall" is used in an imperative sense;
(2) "May" is used in a permissive sense to state
authority or permission to do the act prescribed,
and the words "no person may..." or "a person may
not..." mean that no person is required,
authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed;
and
(3) "includes" means "includes but is not limited to."
